| Aristotlian science | Platonic idealism | |
| induction | deduction | |
| empiricism (Locke) | rationalism (Kant) | |
| representationalism (Kant) | ||
| direct realism (Reid) | indirect realism (Hune) | |
| foundationalism () | foundherentism (Haack) | coherentism (Bonjour) |
| reductionism (Quine) | ||
| verificationism (Kuhn) | ||
| falsificationism (Popper) | ||
| logical positivism (Ayer) | ||
| idealism (Berkley) | ||
| solipsism (Wittgenstein) | ||
| skepticism (Descartes) | ||
| functionalism (Putnam) | ||
| contextualism | ||
| particularism (Chisholm) | methodism (Chisholm) | |
| abduction (Peirce) | ||