Ken Wilber - his work focuses mainly on uniting science and religion with the experiences of meditators and mystics

Ernst Ulrich von Weizsaecker - founder of the Wuppertal Institute for climate, environment and energy

Alvin Ira Goldman - argued that traditional epistemology should be replaced by epistemics

Thomas Nagel - author of "The possibility of altruism", is an advocate of the idea that consciousness and subjective experience cannot be reduced to brain activity

Alvin Plantinga - widely regarded to be the foremost philosophical apologist for Christianity

Jacques Derrida - postmodernist, is considered the first to develop the method of "deconstruction" after it emerged in the work of Martin Heidegger

Jürgen Habermas - explored the normative foundations of social criticism, expounds communicative rationality based on discourse

Bernard Williams - author of "Ethics and the limits of philosophy", spent over 50 years seeking answers to one question: "What does it mean to live well?"

Jaakko Hintikka - his work on model set techniques yielded an improved inductive logic

Stanley Louis Cavell - his work defends J. L. Austin from both positivism and deconstructionism

Hilary Putnam - advanced functionalism, a theory in which human beings are conceived of as Turing machines

Ernest Gellner

Gilles Deleuze - used critical interpretations of Spinoza and Nietzsche as the basis for a profound attack on modernist rationality

Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe - translated Wittgenstein, said that intention is central to our understanding of ourselves

Peter Geach - known for the frege geach point, that the same thought may occur as asserted or unasserted and yet retain the same truth value

Wilfrid Sellars - was perhaps the first philosopher to effectively combine elements of American Pragmatism with elements of British and American analytic philosophy and Austrian and German logical positivism

Isaiah Berlin - defined his position as radical objective pluralism, defended liberalism in his essay "Two Concepts of Liberty"

Simone Weil - was a religious philosopher, she understood God as a goodness that is revealed in self emptying

Willard van Orman Quine - advocate of extensionalism, naturalism, physicalism and holism

Simone de Beauvoir - best known for her work "Le Deuxième Sexe" which contained detailed analysis of women's oppression

Maurice Merleau-Ponty - phenomenologist philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl, developed the concept of the "body-subject" as an alternative to the cartesian "cogito" in his book "The Phenomenology of Perception"

Hannah Arendt - studied with Heidegger and Jaspers, author of "The Origins of Totalitarianism", which traced the roots of communism and fascism and their link to anti-semitism

Arthur Koestler - novelist, political activist, and social philosopher. His work "The Roots of Coincidence" also discusses a quantum theory of coincidence or synchronicity. More controversially he also studied levitation and telepathy

Jean Paul Satre - leading advocate of existentialism, siad that man makes himself and that hell is other people

Karl Popper - maintained that the criterion of demarcation of empirical science from pseudo science is falsifiability

Alfred Tarski - his  theory of truth for formalized languages can be seen as a correspondence theory of truth

Michael Oakeshott - melded holistic idealism with a morality and politics radical in their affirmation of individuality

Hans Georg Gadamer - his philosophical project, as explained in his main work  "Truth and Method", was to elaborate on the concept of "philosophical hermeneutics"

Gilbert Ryle - is principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase "the ghost in the machine", gave a defense of logical behaviorism

Oets Kolk Bouwsma - his talent lay in exposing central sentences in an argument as disguised nonsense

Swami Prabhupada - composed a translation of the Eighteen-thousand verse Srimad-Bhagavatam

Jiddhu Krishnamurti - Indian religious figure whose message centered on the need for maximum self-awareness

Mikhail Mikhailovitch Bakhtin - cultural theorist, taught that dialogue marks the existential condition of humanity

Aldous Huxley - author of "A brave new world" and "The Perennial Philosophy", which discussed teachings of the world's great mystics

Rudolf Carnap - leader of the Vienna circle, author of "The logical structure of the world"

Hans Reichenbach - put forth logical empiricism which consisted in rejecting phenomenalism in favor of physicalism

Edith Stein - author of "Endliches und ewiges Sein" which tries to combine the philosophies of Aquinas and Husserl

Robin George Collingwood - attempted to present orthodox christianity as philosophically acceptable

Martin Heidegger - studied under Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, in his major work "Bing and Time" he said that Dasein finds itself thrown into a world not of its choosing

Ludwig Wittgenstein - taught that philosophical problems can be resolved by paying attention to the working of language

Paul Tillich - theologian, said that every age has its distinctive crisis, which can be seen as the time for creative thought and action

Etienne Gilson - attempted to reestablish Aquinas's distinction between essence and existence in created being

Teilhard de Chardin - paleontologist, jesuit priest, discovered the peking man, the omega would be the full presence of Christ

Luitzgen Egbertus Jan Brouwer - topologist, founder of the intuitionist school in the philosophy of mathematics

Ramana Maharshi - founded an ashram after reaching enlightenment at 17

Ernst Cassirer - said that all human knowledge depends on the power to form experience through some type of symbolism

Max Scheler - taught that values are objective though non Platonic essences, they correspond to the personalities of their discoverers: the artist, the hero, the genius and the saint

Leo Baeck - studied philosophy in Berlin with Wilhelm Dilthey, he was one of the outstanding German-Jewish scholars of the 20th century and a leader of Progressive Judaism

George Ivanovich Gurdjieff - established the Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man

Franz Rosenzweig - jewish theologian know as one of the founders of religious existentialism

George Santayana - aristotelian, beauty is objectified pleasure, human beings are animals in a material world contingent to the core

Heinrich Rickert - is known for his discussion of a qualitative distinction to be made between historical and scientific facts

Henri Louis Bergson - cofounded the Unesco, disciple of Spencer, distinguished between the open and the closed society

Josiah Royce - pragmatic idealism, ethics of loyalty, theory of community, self is constituted by a life plan

Vladimir Solovyov - was the founder of a tradition of Russian spirituality that brought together philosophy, mysticism, and theology with a powerful social message, he also wrote "The Meaning of Love" and "Lectures on Divine-Humanity"

Hans Vaihinger - neo Kantian, started publishing Kant Studien in 1896 and founded the Kant society in 1904, held that we must act as if values were true because they have biological utility

Bernard Bosanquet -  was one of the chief philosophers in England who helped revive the idealism of G.W.F. Hegel, this movement became known as British idealism

Georges Sorel - social activist, reflections on violence, introduced myth rather than reason as the correct way to interpret social totality

F. H. Bradley - idealist, religious consciousness requires dying to one's natural self through faith in the actual existence of the moral ideal

William Kingdon Clifford - along with Hermann Grassmann he discovered what is now often called geometric algebra, which is a special case of the Clifford algebras named in his honor. He was also the first to suggest that gravitation might be due to an underlying geometry, and in his philosophical work coined the phrases "mind-stuff" and "tribal self"

Friedrich Nietzsche - called for a revaluation of all values, distinguished between master and slave morality

Richard Avenarius - if we can avoid interjecting feeling and thought and will into experience we could attain the original natural view of the world

Hermann Cohen - led with Paul Natrop the marburg school of neo kantianism

William James - was one of the founders of pragmatism, author of "the principles of psychology"

Eduard von Hartmann - sought to synthesize the thought of Schelling, Hegel and Schopenhauer

Franz Brentano - revived aristotelianism, favored reism according to which only individuals exist

Afrikan Spir - Neo-Kantian whose book "thought and reality" exerted a very strong influence on the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche

Thomas Hill Green - absolute idealist, appealed to Englishmen to close their Mill and Spencer and open their Kant and Hegel

Edward Caird - absolute idealist, religion progressively understands God as the Absolute and hence as what reconciles self and world

Wilhelm Dilthey - his main project was to establish the conditions of historical knowledge

Eugen Dühring - "Heroic materialism" characterized Dühring's philosophy, he attacked capitalism, Marxism, organized Christianity and Judaism

Leslie Stephen - literary critic, tried to develop an evolutionary theory of morality

Gustav Teichmüller - historian of philosophy, maintained that the self is the most fundamental reality and the conceptual world is a projection of its constituting activity

Friedrich Albert Lange - was a social scientist, but still graces this gallery because he established neo Kantian studies at Marburg University

Hippolyte Taine - was the philosopher of the epoch which succeeded the era of romanticism (1820-1850) in France and wrote "Origines de la France Contemporaine"

Victor Cousin - as minister of education in France he introduced philosophy into the curriculum

Arthur Schopenhauer - the world as will and representation, during aesthetic experience we recognize the universal idea within the particular

Karl Christian Friedrich Krause - panentheism, mystified Kant, anticipated Hegel's end of history

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling - his philosophy of nature attempts to derive consciousness form objects

Novalis - poet and philosopher, attempted to complement Fichte's focus on philosophical speculation

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - systematic idealist, what is actual is rational, wrote the phenomenology of spirit

Benjamin Constant - liberalist, analyzed historical forces and believed that wars are a thing of the past

Wilhelm von Humboldt -  regarded as the father of comparative linguistics, diplomat, explorer

Johann Gottlieb Fichte - transcendental idealism, theory of science, the ego alone is real

Friedrich Schiller - poet and philosopher, revised Kant's transcendental idealism with Reinhold and Fichte, letters on the aesthetic education of man

Joseph Marie de Maistre - can be counted, with Edmund Burke, as one of the originators of conservatism

Johann Gottfried von Herder - his philosophy involved naturalism, organicism and vitalism

Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi - criticized transcendental idealism, influenced german idealism

Marquis de Condorcet - contributed to the encyclopedia, analyzed social institutions, discovered the voting paradox

Johann Nicolas Tetens - attempted to find a middle way between rationalism and empiricism

James Beattie - critic of Hume, when his Essay was translated into german he gave Kant access to Hume's thought

Johann Georg Hamann - had a great impact on Kant's philosophy by his translations of Hume

Moses Mendelssohn - the jewish Socrates, there is a universal religion of reason

Johann Heinrich Lambert - attempted to revise metaphysics by opting for phenomenalism

Immanuel Kant - is best known for establishing the categorical imperative as well as asserting that we can have real knowledge only of categories and must have faith in God

Paul Henri Dietrich d'Holbach - contributor to the encyclopedia, systematized Diderot's naturalism

Richard Price - a review of the principal questions in morals is a defense of rationalism in ethics

John Gay - moralist who tried to reconcile divine command theory and utilitarianism

Francis Hutcheson - the quality the sense of beauty consistently finds pleasurable is a pattern of uniformity amidst variety, while the quality the moral sense invariably approves is benevolence

François Marie Arouet Voltaire - Candide, man is evil, yet there is a good God above

Hermann Samuel Reimarus - apology for or defense of the rational worshipers of God

Arthur Collier - like Berkley he defends immaterialism as the only alternative to skepticism

Samuel Clarke - developed a forceful version of the cosmological argument for the existence of God

Giambattista Vico - founded modern philosophy of history, culture and mythology

Mary Astell - feminist, her works present an educational program to fit women rationally for their religious duties

Lady Masham Damaris Cudworth - exchanged letters with Leibniz and Locke, argued against John Norris

William Wollaston - God has preestablished a harmony between reason and happiness

Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle - jesuit, secretary of the academy of sciences,

Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - was a philosopher, scientist, mathematician, diplomat, librarian, and lawyer. He came up with the term "function" in mathematics. Together with newton he is credited with having invented calculus. Leibniz also constructed the first mechanical calculator capable of multiplication and division. He also developed the modern form of the binary numeral system, used in digital computers

Joseph Glanvill - claimed that the human corruption that resulted form Adam's fall precludes dogmatic knowledge of nature

Anne Conway - was associated with the Cambridge Platonists, Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy

John Ray - naturalist, his work gave a strong impetus to the design argument in natural theology

Arnold Geulincx - cartesian, proposed a system of ethics grounded in the idea of a virtuous will

Blaise Pascal - mathematician, because the potential winnings are infinite, religious belief is more rational than unbelief

Antoine Arnauld - jansenist, composed the port royal logic with Peree Nicloe, criticized Descartes, Malebranche, Leibniz

Thomas Hobbes - the leviathan influenced moral and political philosophy, the state and the right of nature, human beings always act out of self interest

Martin Mersenne - priest who believed that to increase scientific knowledge is to know and serve God

Giulio Cesare Vanini - free-thinker, like Giordano Bruno he was among those who led the attack on the old scholasticism and helped to lay the foundation of modern philosophy

Tommaso Campanella - dominican monk who hoped to found a new christian philosophy

Francis Bacon - knowledge is power, idols are a hindrance to knowledge

Francisco Sanches - declared that he did not even know if he knew nothing

Francisco Suarez - jesuit, his disputations are the first systematic works on metaphysics written in the west that are not a commentary on Aristotle's metaphysics

Giordano Bruno - supported the copernican heliocentric hypothesis, wrote on magic and the art of memory

Pierre Charron - was the principal expositor of Montaigne's ideas, taught that we should accept Christianity on faith alone

Juan de Mariana - jesuit historian, anticipated the social contract idea of Hobbes and Rousseau

Laelius Socinus - founder of Socinianism, they regarded Christ as human not divine

Francisco de Vitoria - is regarded as the founder of modern international law

Agrippa von Nettesheim - magician and occult writer, astrologer, and alchemist

Thomas More - coined the word "utopia", a name he gave to an ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he described in a book of the same title

Niccolò Machiavelli - political theorist, the reason of state recognizes no moral superior

Pietro Pomponazzi - aristotelian, divine predestination and human freedom are compatible

Judah Abrabanel - wrote a dialogue in which sophia and philo explore the nature of cosmic love

Leonardo da Vinci - painter and universal genius who has been described as the archetype of the "Renaissance man", he held that it is beneficial to develop ambidexterity

Kabir - Indian Mystic who preached an ideal of seeing all of humanity as one

Isaac ben Judah Abrabanel - theodicy, attacked Maimonides naturalistic views of prophecy

Lorenzo Valla - humanist and historian

Nicholas of Cusa - renaissance platonist, taught that all opposites are united in their infinte measure

Johannes Bessarion, or Basilus - patriarch of Constantinople, and one of the Greek scholars who contributed to the great revival of letters in the 15th century

Thomas à Kempis - author of the Imitation of Christ, one of the most well-known Christian books on devotion

Jean Buridan - Burdian's ass is an ass starving to death between two equidistant and equally tempting piles of hay

William of Ockham - fransiscan monk, father of nominalism, ockham's razor the principle of parsimony

John Duns Scotus - franciscan, showed the goal of metaphysics is to demonstrate God as the Infinite Being

Richard Rufus - commentator on Aristotle, he was the first medieval proponent of the theory of impetus

Robert Grosseteste - scholar of Augustine and Aristotle, everything is a manifestation of light

William of Auxerre - made one of the earliest systematic attempts to reconcile the Augustinian and Aristotelian traditions in medieval philosophy

Joachim of Floris - mystic, history progresses through stages corresponding to the holy trinity

Bernard of Chartres - grammarian, medievals are dwarfs sitting on the shoulder of giants

Abu Bakr Ibn Tufayl - promoted the career of Averroes and wrote 'Alive, Son of Awaken' a philosophical fantasy

Pierre Abelard - is famous fo his love affair with Heloise, held that universals are words, developed a propositional logic

Adelard of Bath - was a benedictine monk, who is best known for translating many important Arabic scientific works of astrology, astronomy, philosophy and mathematics into Latin

Roscelin de Compiegne - taught that universals are merely the puffs of air produced when a word is pronounced

Saint Anselm - was archbishop of Canterbury. His ontological argument can be said to argue that since the supreme good and the supreme being are identical every being is good and every good a being

Avicenna - was a commentator on Aristotle. He synthesized the rival approaches of the Aristotelian-Neoplatonic tradition with the creationist monotheism of Islamic dialectical theology

Saadiah Gaon - was a jewish exegete and lexicographer, believed that God must be assumed to right the balances in the hereafter

Abu Nasr al Farabi - wrote a commentary on Aristotle, believed that religion is a symbolic representation of philosophical ideas

Abu Bakr al Razi - taught that nature originates from the soul's irrational desire for embodiment

Abu Yusuf - is known as "the philosopher of the Arabs", he held, with Aristotle, that the noblest philosophy is knowledge of the first cause

Isidore of Seville - Archbishop of Seville, said that Philosophy is the art of arts and the science of sciences

Cassiodorus - statesman and author, founded two monasteries and wrote a biography of Boethius

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius - author of "consolation of philosophy",  has been called the last of the Romans and the first of the scholastic philosophers

Bodhidharma - founder of the Zen school of Buddhism, and the Shaolin school of Kung Fu

Damascius - last head of the Athenian Academy, his work is an elaboration of the Neoplatonism of Proclus

Ko Hung - synthesized Confucian concerns with Taoist aspirations, championed the use of drugs

Buddhaghosa - Indian Buddhist scholar, famous for his Visuddhi-magga (Way to Purity) a summary of current Buddhist doctrines

Pelagius - founder of pelagianism, the view that through the excercise of free will humans can attain moral perfection

Plotinus - emanation, union with God in ecstasy, founder of neoplatonism

Alexander of Aphrodisias - peripatetic, commentator on Aristotle, conceptualism

Celsus - eclectic middle platonist and anti christian writer, the universe has a providential organization in which humans hold no special place

Julia Domna - wife of emperor Septimius Severus, she served as protector of a philosophical circle

Agrippa - stoic, described the five grounds for the suspension of judgment

Philo of Alexandria - sought to harmonize Greek wisdom and Judaism by means of the art of allegory

Marcus Tullius Cicero - orator and statesman, he said that "The whole life of the philosopher is a preparation for death"

Antiochus of Ascalon - was an eclectic and stoic. He ended two centuries of skepticism in the Academy

Philo of Larissa - pupil of Kleitomachos, whom he succeeded as head of the Third or New Academy

Carneades - was the most prominent head of the skeptical Academy, developed arguments against the stoics

Chrysippus - was the most voluminous stoic writer and the third head of the school

Anniceris - established a separate branch of the Cyrenaics, the Anniceraioi who were hedonist in their practice

Zeno of Citium - was the founder of stoicism, maintained that being is one and that consistency brings happiness

Epicurus - taught that pleasure is the only good

Eudemus of Rhodes - was the second major companion of Aristotle besides Theophrastus

Demetrius of Phaleron - orator, statesman, and philosopher who was appointed governor of Athens by the Macedonian general Cassander

Strato of Lampsacus - succeeded Theophrastus as head of the Lyceum,