Li Hongzhi (1952)
Nathan Salmon (1951)
Ken Wilber (1949)
Peter Sloterdijk (1947)
Michael Ruse (1940)
Richard Swinburne (1934)
Alvin Plantinga (1932)
Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (1931-1990)
Judith Jarvis Thomson (1929)
Leszek Kolakowski (1927)
Michael A. E. Dummett (1925)
Gilles Deleuze (1925-1995)
Mary Midgley (1919)
P. F. Strawson (1919)
Donald Davidson (1917)
Roderick Milton Chisholm (1916-1999)
Emil Fackenheim (1916-2003)
Sri K. Pattabhi Jois (1915)
Alan Watts (1915-1973)
Simone Weil (1909-1943)
Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995)
Gustav Bergmann (1906-1987)
Knud Ejler Løgstrup (1905-1981)
Hans Jonas (1903-1993)
Mortimer Adler (1902-2001)
Karl Popper (1902-1994)
Gotthard Günther (1900-1984)
Clive Staples Lewis (1898-1963)
Charles Hartshorne (1897-2000)
Swami Prabhupada (1896-1977)
Jiddhu Krishnamurti (1895-1986)
Roman Ingarden (1893-1970)
Paramahansa Yogananda (1893-1952)
Edith Stein (1891-1942)
Robin George Collingwood (1889-1943)
Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973)
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)
Xavier Zubiri (1889-1983)
Sri Swami Sivananda (1887-1963)
Franklin Merrell-Wolff (1887-1985)
Dimitrije Mitrinovic (1887-1953)
Pietro Ubaldi (1886-1972)
Paul Tillich (1886-1965)
Etienne Gilson (1884-1978)
Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950)
Jacques Maritain (1882-1973)
Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955)
Ramana Maharshi (1879-1950)
P. D. Ouspensky (1878-1947)
William David Ross (1877-1971)
Ralph Barton Perry (1876-1957)
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)
Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950)
Leo Baeck (1871-1956)
John Elof Boodin (1869-1950)
George Ivanovich Gurdjieff (1866-1949)
Benedetto Croce (1866-1952)
Franz Rosenzweig (1866-1929)
George Santayana (1863-1952)
Leopold Wertheimer (1862-1937)
John McTaggart (1866-1925)
Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947)
Henri Louis Bergson (1859-1941)
Samuel Alexander (1859-1938)
Josiah Royce (1855-1916)
Vladimir Solovyov (1853-1900)
Hans Vaihinger (1852-1933)
Bernard Bosanquet (1848-1923)
Rudolf Christoph Eucken (1846-1926)
Paul Deussen (1845-1919)
Emile Boutroux (1845-1921)
William Kingdon Clifford (1845-1879)
William James (1842-1910)
Eduard von Hartmann (1842-1906)
Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914)
Franz Brentano (1838-1917)
Edward Caird (1835-1908)
Shadworth Hodgson (1832-1912)
Gustav Teichmüller (1832-1888)
Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov (1828-1906)
Ludwig Büchner (1824-1899)
Henry Longueville Mansel (1820-1871)
Friedrich Harms (1819-1880)
Rudolf Hermann Lotze (1817-1881)
Charles Renouvier (1815-1903)
Charles Secretan (1815-1895)
Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
James McCosh (1811-1894)
Bruno Bauer (1809-1882)
James Frederick Ferrier (1808-1864)
Hermann Ulrici (1806-1884)
Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire (1805-1895)
James Martineau (1805-1900)
Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872)
Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (1802-1872)
Vincenzo Gioberti (1801-1852)
Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-1887)
Friedrich Eduard Beneke (1798-1854)
Laurens Perseus Hickok (1798-1888)
Pierre Leroux (1797-1871)
Heinrich Moritz Chalybäus (1796-1862)
Théodore Simon Jouffroy (1796-1842)
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)
Franz Xaver von Baader (1795-1841)
William Whewell (1794-1866)
Charles Babbage (1792-1871)
Carl Gustav Carus (1789-1869)
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
William Hamilton (1788-1856)
Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781-1832)
Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848)
Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841)
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775-1854)
Novalis (1772-1801)
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)
Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (1770-1843)
Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834)
Benjamin Constant (1767-1830)
Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835)
Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814)
Johann Heinrich Abicht (1762-1816)
Christoph Gottfried Bardili (1761-1808)
Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald (1754-1840)
Jacob Friedrich von Abel (1751-1829)
Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803)
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743-1819)
William Paley (1743-1805)
Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741-1801)
Johann Georg Hamann (1730-1788)
Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786)
Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777)
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Paul Henri Dietrich d'Holbach (1723-1789)
Christian August Crusius (1715-1775)
Isaac de Pinto (1715-1787)
David Hume (1711-1776)
Francis Hutcheson (1694-1746)
William Law (1686-1761)
George Berkeley (1685-1753)
Arthur Collier (1680-1732)
Christian Wolff (1679-1754)
Firmin Abauzit (1679-1767)
Anthony Collins (1676-1729)
Samuel Clarke (1675-1729)
Guido Grandi (1671-1742)
Claude Buffier (1661-1737)
William Wollaston (1659-1724)
John Norris (1657-1711)
Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657-1757)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)
Nicolas Malebranche (1638-1715)
Edward Stillingfleet (1635-1699)
Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
Anne Conway (1631-1678)
John Ray (1627-1705)
Arnold Geulincx (1624-1669)
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
Johannes Clauberg (1622-1665)
Ralph Cudworth (1617-1688)
Henry More (1614-1687)
Antoine Arnauld (1612-1694)
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655)
Uriel Acosta (1585-1640)
Giulio Cesare Vanini (1584-1619)
Edward Herbert (1583-1648)
Robert Fludd (1574-1637)
Mulla Sadra (1571-1640)
Francis of Sales (1567-1622)
Francisco Suarez (1548-1617)
Giordano Bruno (1548-1600)
Jacopo Mazzoni (1548-1598)
Rudolphus Goclenius (1547-1628)
Pierre Charron (1541-1603)
Juan de Mariana (1536-1624)
Laelius Socinus (1525-1562)
Agrippa von Nettesheim (1486-1535)
Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558)
Thomas More (1478-1535)
Agostino Nifo (1470-1538)
John Mair (1467-1550)
Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536)
Alessandro Achillini (1463-1512)
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)
Pietro Pomponazzi (1462-1525)
Johannes Reuchlin (1455-1522)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Isaac ben Judah Abrabanel (1437-1508)
Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)
Nicholas of Cusa (1400-1464)
George of Trebizond (1395-1484)
Johannes Bessarion (1395-1472)
George Gemistos Plethon (1355-1452)
Hasdai ben Abraham Crescas (1340-1410)
Jean Buridan (1300-1358)
Gregory of Rimini (1300-1358)
Jan van Ruysbroeck (1293-1381)
Gersonides (1288-1344)
William of Ockham (1287-1347)
John Duns Scotus (1266-1308)
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
Theodore Metochita (1260- 1332)
Meister Eckhart (1260-1328)
Pietro d'Abano (1250-1316)
Godfrey of Fontaines (1250-1306)
Siger of Brabant (1240-1284)
Boëthius of Dacia (1240-1280)
Shri Madhvacharya (1238-1317)
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
Nichiren (1222-1282)
Henry of Ghent (1217-1293)
Roger Bacon (1214-1293)
Albertus Magnus (1200-1280)
Robert Grosseteste (1168-1253)
Bernard Silvestris (1147-1178)
William of Auxerre (1140-1231)
Lu Hsiang-shan (1139-1193)
Moses Maimonides (1134-1204)
Joachim of Floris (1132-1202)
Zhu Xi (1130-1200)
Alain de Lille (1128-1202)
Averroes (1126-1198)
Herman of Carinthia (1100-1160)
Avempace (1095-1138)
William of Conches (1080-1154)
Pierre Abelard (1079-1144)
Hugh of St Victor (1078-1141)
Judah Ha Levi (1075-1141)
Gilbert de la Porrée (1070-1154)
William of Champeaux (1070-1121)
Adelard of Bath (1070-1145)
Abu Hamid al Ghazali (1058-1111)
Michael Psellus the Younger (11th century)
Roscelin de Compiegne (1050-1125)
Bahya ibn Paquda (1040-1110)
Saint Anselm (1033-1109)
Solomon Ibn Gabirol (1021-1058)
Shao Yung (1011-1077)
Avicenna (980-1037)
Gerbert of Aurillac (950-1003)
Saadiah Gaon (882-942)
Abu Nasr al Farabi (870-950)
Abu Bakr al Razi (854-925)
Isaac Ben Solomon Israeli (850–950)
Johannes Scotus Eriugena (810-877)
Abu Yusuf (800-870)
Zongmi (780-841)
Kukai (774-835)
Johannes Philoponus (490-575)
Boethius (480-525)
Bodhidharma (470-543)
Damascius (462-550)
Mazdak (died c. 526)
Ammonius Hermiae (440-521)
Proclus (412-487)
Hypatia of Alexandria (370-415)
Aedesius (d. 355)
Saint Augustine (354-430)
Calcidius (fl. 4th cent.)
Alexander of Aphrodisias (280)
Iamblichus (250-325)
Porphyry (232-304)
Plotinus (204-270)
Ammonius Saccas (200)
Celsus (190)
Tertullian (155-240)
Alcinous (fl. 2nd cent.)
Numenius of Apamea (150)
Nagarjuna (150-250)
Marcus Aurelius (121-180)
Valentinius (100-160)
Apollonius of Tyana (2-98)
Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4bc-65ad)
Jesus Christ (6bc-32ad)
Philo of Alexandria (20bc-50ad)
Titus Lucretius Carus (95-53 bc)
Aenesidemus (100 bc)
Alexander Polyhistor (105-35 bc)
Cicero (106-43 bc)
Antiochus of Ascalon (130-68 bc)
Posidonius (153-51 bc)
Philo of Larissa (160-80 bc)
Kleitomachos (187-109 bc)
Patanjali (200 bc)
Carneades (213-129 bc)
Tsou Yen (305-240 bc)
Cleanthes (331-232 bc)
Anaxiphales (337 bc)
Epicurus (341-270 bc)
Strato of Lampsacus (355-267 bc)
Aristoteles (384-322 bc)
Xenocrates (396-314 bc)
Plato (427-347 bc)
Euclides of Megara (430-360 bc)
Democritus (460-370 bc)
Leucippus (480-420 bc)
Melissus of Samos (475-400 bc)
Archelaus (490-410 bc)
Empedocles (492-432 bc)
Diogenes Apolloniates (499-428 bc)
Anaxagoras (500-428 bc)
Maharshi Kapila (fl. 500 bc)
Parmenides (510-450 bc)
Heraclitus (535-475 bc)
Pythagoras (570-480 bc)
Pherecydes of Syros (580-499 bc)
Anaximenes (585-528 bc)
Anaximander (610-546 bc)
Thales (624-546 bc)
Yajnavalkya (1800 bc)